AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis . This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates . Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported . AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose transporter to the cell surface . Phosphorylation of PTPN1 at 'Ser-50' negatively modulates its phosphatase activity preventing dephosphorylation of the insulin receptor and the attenuation of insulin signaling . Phosphorylation of TBC1D4 triggers the binding of this effector to inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins, which is required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport . AKT also regulates the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen by phosphorylating GSK3A at 'Ser-21' and GSK3B at 'Ser-9', resulting in inhibition of its kinase activity . Phosphorylation of GSK3 isoforms by AKT is also thought to be one mechanism by which cell proliferation is driven . AKT also regulates cell survival via the phosphorylation of MAP3K5 . Phosphorylation of 'Ser-83' decreases MAP3K5 kinase activity stimulated by oxidative stress and thereby prevents apoptosis . AKT mediates insulin-stimulated protein synthesis by phosphorylating TSC2 at 'Ser-939' and 'Thr-1462', thereby activating the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and leading to both phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and in activation of RPS6KB1 . Also regulates the mTORC1 signaling pathway by catalyzing phosphorylation of CASTOR1 and DEPDC5 . AKT plays a role as key modulator of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway controlling the tempo of the process of newborn neurons integration during adult neurogenesis, including correct neuron positioning, dendritic development and synapse formation . Part of a positive feedback loop of mTORC2 signaling by mediating phosphorylation of MAPKAP1/SIN1, promoting mTORC2 activation . AKT is involved in the phosphorylation of members of the FOXO factors , leading to binding of 14-3-3 proteins and cytoplasmic localization . In particular, FOXO1 is phosphorylated at 'Thr-24', 'Ser-256' and 'Ser-319' . FOXO3 and FOXO4 are phosphorylated on equivalent sites . AKT has an important role in the regulation of NF-kappa-B-dependent gene transcription and positively regulates the activity of CREB1 -response element binding protein) . The phosphorylation of CREB1 induces the binding of accessory proteins that are necessary for the transcription of pro-survival genes such as BCL2 and MCL1 . AKT phosphorylates 'Ser-454' on ATP citrate lyase , thereby potentially regulating ACLY activity and fatty acid synthesis . Activates the 3B isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase via phosphorylation of 'Ser-273', resulting in reduced cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of lipolysis . Phosphorylates PIKFYVE on 'Ser-318', which results in increased PIP-5 activity . The Rho GTPase-activating protein DLC1 is another substrate and its phosphorylation is implicated in the regulation cell proliferation and cell growth . Signals downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase K) to mediate the effects of various growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor , epidermal growth factor , insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 . AKT mediates the antiapoptotic effects of IGF1 . Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly . May be involved in the regulation of the placental development . Phosphorylates STK4/MST1 at 'Thr-120' and 'Thr-387' leading to inhibition of its: kinase activity, nuclear translocation, autophosphorylation and ability to phosphorylate FOXO3 . Phosphorylates STK3/MST2 at 'Thr-117' and 'Thr-384' leading to inhibition of its: cleavage, kinase activity, autophosphorylation at Thr-180, binding to RASSF1 and nuclear translocation . Phosphorylates SRPK2 and enhances its kinase activity towards SRSF2 and ACIN1 and promotes its nuclear translocation . Phosphorylates RAF1 at 'Ser-259' and negatively regulates its activity . Phosphorylation of BAD stimulates its pro-apoptotic activity . Phosphorylates KAT6A at 'Thr-369' and this phosphorylation inhibits the interaction of KAT6A with PML and negatively regulates its acetylation activity towards p53/TP53 . Phosphorylates palladin , modulating cytoskeletal organization and cell motility . Phosphorylates prohibitin , playing an important role in cell metabolism and proliferation . Phosphorylates CDKN1A, for which phosphorylation at 'Thr-145' induces its release from CDK2 and cytoplasmic relocalization . These recent findings indicate that the AKT1 isoform has a more specific role in cell motility and proliferation . Phosphorylates CLK2 thereby controlling cell survival to ionizing radiation . Phosphorylates PCK1 at 'Ser-90', reducing the binding affinity of PCK1 to oxaloacetate and changing PCK1 into an atypical protein kinase activity using GTP as donor . Also acts as an activator of TMEM175 potassium channel activity in response to growth factors: forms the lysoK complex together with TMEM175 and acts by promoting TMEM175 channel activation, independently of its protein kinase activity . Acts as a regulator of mitochondrial calcium uptake by mediating phosphorylation of MICU1 in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, impairing MICU1 maturation . Acts as an inhibitor of tRNA methylation by mediating phosphorylation of the N-terminus of METTL1, thereby inhibiting METTL1 methyltransferase activity . In response to LPAR1 receptor pathway activation, phosphorylates Rabin8/RAB3IP which alters its activity and phosphorylates WDR44 which induces WDR44 binding to Rab11, thereby switching Rab11 vesicular function from preciliary trafficking to endocytic recycling .

RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (EC 2.7.11.1) (Protein kinase B) (PKB) (Protein kinase B alpha) (PKB alpha) (Proto-oncogene c-Akt) (RAC-PK-alpha)

p31749

Human,Mouse,Rat

WB,IHC,IF,ICC,IP,FC

WB 1:1000-1:5000
IHC 1:100-1:200
IF 1:100
ICC 1:100
IP 1:100
FC 1:200-1:500

~56 kD

Rabbit

50mM Tris-Glycine(pH 7.4), 0.15M NaCl, 40% Glycerol, 0.01% sodium azide and 0.05% BSA.

Store at -20°C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.