Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide and Transforming growth factor beta-1 chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively. ; [Latency-associated peptide]: Required to maintain the Transforming growth factor beta-1 chain in a latent state during storage in extracellular matrix . Associates non-covalently with TGF-beta-1 and regulates its activation via interaction with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS, that control activation of TGF-beta-1 . Interaction with LRRC33/NRROS regulates activation of TGF-beta-1 in macrophages and microglia . Interaction with LRRC32/GARP controls activation of TGF-beta-1 on the surface of activated regulatory T-cells . Interaction with integrins results in distortion of the Latency-associated peptide chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1 . ; [Transforming growth factor beta-1]: Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration . Activation into mature form follows different steps: following cleavage of the proprotein in the Golgi apparatus, Latency-associated peptide and Transforming growth factor beta-1 chains remain non-covalently linked rendering TGF-beta-1 inactive during storage in extracellular matrix . At the same time, LAP chain interacts with 'milieu molecules', such as LTBP1, LRRC32/GARP and LRRC33/NRROS that control activation of TGF-beta-1 and maintain it in a latent state during storage in extracellular milieus . TGF-beta-1 is released from LAP by integrins : integrin-binding to LAP stabilizes an alternative conformation of the LAP bowtie tail and results in distortion of the LAP chain and subsequent release of the active TGF-beta-1 . Once activated following release of LAP, TGF-beta-1 acts by binding to TGF-beta receptors , which transduce signal . While expressed by many cells types, TGF-beta-1 only has a very localized range of action within cell environment thanks to fine regulation of its activation by Latency-associated peptide chain and 'milieu molecules' . Plays an important role in bone remodeling: acts as a potent stimulator of osteoblastic bone formation, causing chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation in committed osteoblasts . Can promote either T-helper 17 cells or regulatory T-cells lineage differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner . At high concentrations, leads to FOXP3-mediated suppression of RORC and down-regulation of IL-17 expression, favoring Treg cell development . At low concentrations in concert with IL-6 and IL-21, leads to expression of the IL-17 and IL-23 receptors, favoring differentiation to Th17 cells . Stimulates sustained production of collagen through the activation of CREB3L1 by regulated intramembrane proteolysis . Mediates SMAD2/3 activation by inducing its phosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus. Positively regulates odontoblastic differentiation in dental papilla cells, via promotion of IPO7-mediated translocation of phosphorylated SMAD2 to the nucleus and subsequent transcription of target genes . Can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in various cell types .

Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein [Cleaved into: Latency-associated peptide (LAP); Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1)]

p04202

Human,Mouse,Rat

WB,IHC

WB 1:1000
IHC 1:200-1:500

~45 kD

Rabbit

50mM Tris-Glycine(pH 7.4), 0.15M NaCl, 40% Glycerol, 0.01% sodium azide and 0.05% BSA.

Store at -20°C. Stable for 12 months from date of receipt.